Background & Aims: Antidepressants are very common therapeutic agents in medicine. Design and using new antidepressants have built a new scope for depression treatment. Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant but it is used as an anti-smoke agent widely due to its smoke cessation. Its effectiveness in producing smoking cessation seems independent of its antidepressant effects. The study of synaptic effects of bupropion can reveal its mechanism for nicotine dependence cessation. This study has tested the effects of bupropion on evoked responses of rat hippocampal slices.Materials & Methods: 16 hippocampal slices from 18-25 old age rat pops were tested. The hippocampal slices have been prepared according to standard techniques. Bupropion was perfused in ACSF (2 mmol) for 30 minutes. The amplitude of population spikes (PS) amplitude of Stratum Radiatum was measured before and after bupropion perfusion. Amplitude of PS before bupropion perfusion fitted as 100% for baseline.Results: Bupropion (2 mmol) abolished PS of all slices for different periods. PS disappeared in 37.5% of slices for 1 hour, 25% for 1.5 hour, 12.5 % for 2 hour, and 25% for 4 hour or more. Bupropion disappeared PS 5-15 minutes after perfusion.Conclusion: Bupropion abolished or decreased PS amplitude. The results have showed that bupropion can decreases LTP or synaptic plasticity and alters the synaptic behavior in drug dependence.

The multidisciplinary field of Microwave-Photonics is at the convergence of photonic and microwave or even wireless technologies. In this context, the processing, conversion and transmission of microwaves, as well as high data rate digital and wireless signals, today use broadband optical techniques with many applications. However, the frequency band available is frequently changing with up-to-date commercial standards, and it is necessary to up- or down- convert the frequency of the electrical signals using a suitable optical approach for mixing. This paper intends to give an overview on the optical techniques used for frequency conversion, i.e. mixing, and gives the advantages and drawbacks of all techniques presented.

Channels and surface water are ways for the transfer of pollutants to the environment and human. When any pollutant is spilled into the channel, the pollutant concentrations are decreased after the travel. Reducing the distance is an engineering expedient. To reduce the distance, mixing in water should be increased. Thus, the main goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of the triangular vane on transverse mixing used for control bank erosion. Experiments were carried out in an 80cm width flume. The vane, which was triangular, was made of Plexi-glass with a 30% width of the flume length, 15cm height and 50cm far from the tracer injection. Salt solution was used as the soluble tracer. The experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of the triangular vane for two conditions: with and without vane. The transverse mixing ( ez ) and complete mixing length were estimated for the two conditions of with and without vane. The results showed with installing the triangular vane, the transverse mixing was increased up to 2. 5 and the length of mixing was decreased by 60%, as compared with the tests of no vane.

In this article, we introduce quasi-mixing operators and construct various examples. We prove that quasi-mixing operators exist on all finite-dimensional and infinite-dimensional  Banach spaces. We also prove that an invertible operator $T$ is quasi-mixing if and only if $T^{-1}$ is quasi-mixing. We state some sufficient conditions  under which an operator is quasi-mixing. Moreover, we prove that the direct sum of two operators is quasi-mixing if and only if any of them is quasi-mixing.